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- PrimoPyro1990
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- .... SMOKE FORMULAS ....
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- DISCLAIMER: The following file contains information of harmful or illegal
- nature. Neither the BBS or author providing this information
- can be considered responsible for the use of this file.
- The person using this knowledge is solely responsible for
- it's use or misuse. This file is intended to educate only.
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-
- Smokes are used mainly for screening purposes, so with this in mind this
- file will concern itself mainly with white smoke. Smokes are mists or part-
- icles suspended in the air. They remain suspended there until through envir-
- omental conditions or static charge, they begin to attract each other or are
- dispersed.
- There are three ways to produce smokes: 1) Vaporizing oil, 2) Spraying a
- reactive chemical in the air, 3) Burning a pyrotechnic mixture that releases
- a smoke forming chemical.
- 1) When oil is used to make smoke the oil is sprayed into a device that heats
- it up in a flash. The resulting oil vapor is exhausted to the air and when it
- cools down it condenses into a mist. Remember the kerosene or propane fueled
- insect fogger? This works on the same principal.
- 2) Certain chemicals react with the water in the air to produce a fog. As an
- example there are Titanium Tetrachloride, Tin Tetrachloride, Chlorosulfonic
- Acid, and Silicon Tetrachloride.
- Perhaps the easiest to secure of these is titanium tetrachloride. If these
- chemicals are used, keep in mind that they are corrosive so any spraying
- equipment must be constructed of stainless steel or suitable material. You
- can use titanium tet. by simply taping a small explosive charge onto a
- bottle of the stuff. Just watch out for the glass fragments. Titanium tet.
- usually comes in a sealed bottle that if opened cannot be sealed again.
- 3) Pyrotechnic formulas are made that either through a chemical reaction form
- a smoke producing chemical or the heat released from burning the mixture
- vaporizes a smoke producing chemical.
- The first type of mixture forms chemicals such as aluminum chloride, zinc
- chloride, zinc oxide, or sulfur dioxide. The second type of mixture uses
- chemicals such as ammonium chloride, napthalene, or anthracene which are
- vaporized without decomposition. When using mixtures containing a hydrocarbon
- such as napthalene, care must be taken that the hot vapor does not catch fire
- when it hits the open air. This will cause the amount of smoke to decrease
- or cease alltogether. For this reason a chemical that produces carbon dioxide
- when heated is added to the mixture. Following are some formulas of both
- type 1 and 2. Also volatile chemicals such as napthalene oe hexachloroethane
- can sublimate from these mixtures so they must be sealed airtight.
-
-
- ALL FORMULAS BY WEIGHT
-
- Type 1 formulas: Potassium Chlorate 20 - 30%
- Ammonium Chloride 50%
- Napthalene 20%
- Charcoal 0 - 10%
- Usually it is not safe to use an ammonium salt and a chlorate together in a
- mixture but in this case this mixture is usually pretty stable with a storage
- life of about 10 years if kept dry. If there is a problem with flaming when
- this formula is used, decrease the ammonium chloride by about 5% and add
- 5% sodium bicarbonate.
-
- Potassium Chlorate 60%
- Lactose 20%
- Ammonium Chloride 20%
- This is a fairly good formula but may not give as much as smoke as the first.
-
- Potassium Nitrate 60%
- Sugar 40%
- Combine these 2 chemicals in a small amount of boiling water. Pour the mix
- out onto a sheet of plastic and while it dries, start breaking it into small
- pieces. When it is dry, grind it into a powder in a non-sparking mortar and
- pestle. Add to it 80% by weight of ammonium chloride. I have had some success
- with this mix. You can decrease the amount of chloride for better burning.
-
- Type 2 formulas: Sulfur 55%
- Potassium Nitrate 40%
- Fine Charcoal 5%
- Mix these chemicals together well and be sure the mixture is free of sulfur
- chunks. This is slow burning and the smoke consists of sulfur trioxide,
- sulfur dioxide and vaporized sulfur.
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-
- Hexachloroethane 45%
- Zinc Oxide 45%
- Fine Aluminum 10%
- This mixture was used in the american armed forces and is known as HC. A
- charge with a weight of about 8 oz. can produce over 100,000 cu. ft. of a
- dense gray white smoke. If the aluminum is not a fine powder it will be
- almost impossible to ignite.
-
- Hexachloroethane 53%
- Zinc Dust 44%
- Magnesium Oxide 3%
- This formula is similar to HC. The smoke consists of zinc chloride.
-
- Hexachloroethane 45%
- Zinc Oxide 45%
- Calcium Silicide 10%
- This is an interesting formula. In addition to producing a zinc chloride
- smoke, it also forms silicon tetrachloride which reacts with moisture in the
- air to produce silicic acid which is a smoke agent in itself.
-
- Hexachloroethane 40 - 45%
- Zinc Oxide 20 - 40%
- Ammonium Perchlorate 35 - 10%
- Powdered Charcoal 5%
- This is a newer formula and is mixed after being dampened with a 5% PVC
- solution (use PVC pipe primer as a solvent). The rate of burning depends on
- the amount of ammonium perchlorate. The smoke consists of ammonium chloride,
- and zinc chloride.
-
- Magnesium Powder 8%
- Red Phosphorous 51%
- Manganese Dioxide 35%
- Zinc Oxide 3%
- Linseed Oil 3%
- This formula which contains red phosphorous is very good as phosphorous is
- the best masking smoke agent. Red phosphorous is very easily ignited so mix
- this chemical when dampened with a small amount of alcohol. It produces a
- complex smoke of phosphorous anhydride which reacts with moisture in the air.
-
-
- These formulas are usually contained in a stout cardboard cylinder which has
- a number of vent holes. A tube with a 1" I.D. 5" long and 1/4'walls is a
- good starting point for any of these formulas. Holes can be drilled in the
- sides of the tube then covered over with tape. A smoke pot is a large can
- that contains at least 2 lbs. of a smoke mixture. These can put out over
- 500,000 cu. ft. of smoke.
- Although the above mixtures are not outright poisonous, do not breathe in
- too much of the smoke if possible. Do not use these indoors and be careful of
- accidental fires the smoke bombs can cause.
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- *** Kilroy was here ***